Only qualified operators will be permitted to operate cranes. Operators are responsible for exercising the caution necessary for the safe operation of their equipment. Operators shall immediately report unsafe conditions, including defects in the machine, to their supervisor.

Operators shall not permit anyone to ride the hook or load.

When the operator leaves the machine or while repairs are being made, it is their responsibility to set the brakes, secure the boom, take the machine out of gear and turn off the engine.

When making a lift, the operator will take operational signals only from the man authorized to give them. An emergency stop signal given by anyone, will be acted upon by the operator.

It is the joint responsibility of the operator and the riggers to see that all hitches are secure and that all loose material is removed before the loads are lifted. Material should not be hoisted until it is ready to be used/put into place.

Safety hooks, or properly "moused" hooks, shall be used on all operations where loads are being handled. Suspended loads shall be controlled by tag lines whenever necessary.

Booms shall be equipped with a boom angle indicator and a device designed and constructed to prevent the boom from falling over backward. Boom heads, load blocks and hooks shall be painted with high visibility paint.

Where necessary to increase stability, cranes, except crawler cranes and boom type excavators, shall be equipped with outriggers of a design and strength suitable for the work being performed.

Hooks, wire rope, bearings, gears, friction clutches, chain drives and other parts subject to wear must be inspected at regular intervals and repaired or replaced as required. Records of such inspections and resultant action taken shall be maintained by the contractor.

A thorough annual inspection of the hoisting machinery shall be made by a competent person or by a government or private agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor. A record of these inspections must be maintained in office files.

Crawler, truck and locomotive cranes must be inspected monthly. A certification of performance of these inspections is required.

A designated competent person shall inspect machinery and equipment prior to each use, and during use, to make sure it is in safe operating condition.

Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, special hazard warnings, or instructions shall be placed on all equipment so that it is visible to the operator while they are at their control station. Also, post hand signals for crane and derrick operators at the job site and on the equipment. Signals prescribed by applicable ANSI standards shall be used.

Accessible areas within the swing radius of the rear of the rotating superstructure of the crane, either permanently or temporarily mounted, shall be barricaded to prevent employees from being struck or crushed by the crane.

When loads are being hoisted, avoid walking under the lift or permitting an employee to be exposed to the swing of the lift.

For the protection of other crafts on the project, post signs when overhead work is in progress, "DANGER - MAN WORKING OVERHEAD".

Exhaust pipes shall be insulated or guarded in areas where contact may be made by employees during the performance of normal duties.

Use of cranes to hoist employees should be avoided except in rare cases where aerial lifts, personnel hoist ladders, scaffolds or other means is not feasible or would be more hazardous. When this action becomes necessary, the criteria specified in OSHA 1926.550(g)(2) through (8) shall be strictly followed.

Crane movements should always be considered prior to set up. Every effort should be made to avoid having to move the load over the work area. If this cannot be done, work should be temporarily halted and the area cleared while the pick is taking place.

Be aware of what is happening around you and above you.

Others may not be as conscientious as they should. An operator may not even think of the danger of moving a load over your head. If you see a load coming, get out of the way. Don't forget to look out for your buddy also.

Riggers and others may have to work near a suspended load in order to guide it into position. The use of tag lines can help keep you out of harm's way. The tag line will put distance between yourself and the load in the event the load shifts or moves unexpectedly. Tag lines can help keep a load under control but remember, your weight is no match against a load that has started to swing or spin and develop momentum. Let it settle down on it's own.

When tending tag lines, never loop the line around your hand, arm, or body. This could cause you to be dragged along with the load. Wear gloves. This helps you avoid rope burn.

Lastly, be sure if you are guiding a load with a tag line that your travel path is clear and safe before the load is suspended. You will be spending a lot of time watching the load, rather than where you are going. It would be a shame to take all of the precautions to avoid being caught by the load, only to be injured in a fall.

EQUIPMENT SAFETY
Many crane accidents occur because the crane was used to lift more than its rated capacity. Crane accidents are generally serious and always expensive. The following discussion is intended to highlight the value of safety devices and help you avoid accidents:

Every crane is required to have load charts and the operator is expected to know how to use them. When was the last time your operator studied the charts before setting up to make a pick?

Knowing the weight of the load is the single most important part of making a safe pick. If the weight of the load is unknown, how can you set the crane up in the proper configuration? The easiest answer to this situation is install a load indicating device on the crane.

Boom angle indicators are an absolute must. How can you use the load charts if you cannot measure the boom angle? If you do not use the load charts, you are guessing!

Setting the crane up level and on solid ground is an absolute must! You can throw the load charts out the window if the crane is not set up level, because you have changed the tipping moment. Setting cranes up on loose or unstable soil is just as bad. If the crane settles on one side, you have changed the tipping moment again.

Increasing counterweight or securing crane with cables to avoid tipping situations is never an acceptable practice. When you increase counterweights to avoid a tipping situation, you risk the possibility of structural failure. If these operations continue for long enough, the repeated stress placed on the boom is certain to result in a boom failure.

Inspect your rigging daily or more frequently under demanding conditions. Ensure all hooks have safety latches. Lifting beams and spreader bars must have their rated capacities marked on them.

CRANE COUNTERWEIGHTS
Although it seems like everyone knows of the danger of being struck by a crane's counterweight, this type of accident still persists in industry. The following incidents illustrate the hazards faced by employees working near cranes.

Eliminate the problem -- Locate the crane in a position where there will be no pinch points created between the counterweights and nearby objects. The operator should only operate the equipment when the crane's swing area is clear.

Guard or warn of the hazard -- The counterweight's swing area can be barricaded to keep workers out of the hazard zone. When appropriate, warning tape can be used to identify the swing area. Painting a portion of the counterweight a bright color helps to warn of the hazard by making it more highly visible.

Eye to eye contact -- All workers in the area should be told to keep clear of the swing area. If material or equipment must be retrieved from within the counterweight swing area, the worker should make positive visual contact with the operator prior to entering the hazard zone. Once the worker is done, the operator and worker should once again make positive visual contact so that the operator knows it is now safe to continue full operation.

CRANE DANGER SIGNS
If you work around cranes, you should be on the lookout for the following danger signs of improper operation. If you see any of these occurring on a jobsite, immediately inform a supervisor before an accident takes place. Here are things to watch for:

• Outriggers, crawler tracks, or tires raised off the ground while operating. This is an extremely dangerous condition which indicates the crane is being overloaded and may tip over or collapse. The wrong move in this situation can cause a catastrophe.
• Operating close to power lines or other dangerous objects. Electrocution due to contact with power lines is the leading cause of crane related fatalities. Detailed federal regulations for proximity to high voltage sources must be strictly enforced. Any potential danger should be pointed out to the crane operator or a supervisor-but never touch the crane at this time.
• Riding the load or crane hook. This is a serious violation of federal and state safety regulations. Crane structures and cables have far lower strength margins for handling material than what is required for lifting personnel. Workers must never be suspended from a crane boom unless an approved personnel basket with mandatory safety equipment is used, and lifting procedures are strictly followed.
• Visible structural damage on the crane or rigging. There is little or no back up system in the load-supporting components of most cranes. A damaged component can fail completely and without warning, causing the boom or load to fall.
• Modifications made by adding extra counterweight or holding down the rear of the crane. All job initiated modifications are illegal and may permit overloading the crane. If not approved by the crane manufacturer in writing, these modifications can over stress critical structural components, which could cause failure of the crane.
• A crane operating near a trench or excavation. Cranes exert extremely high loads on the soil near the tracks, outriggers, or tires. A crane set up in close proximity to an excavation can cause soil failure, crane turnover, and possible disaster.
• The crane is noticeably out of level while operating. There is no faster way to collapse a crane boom than to impose a side force on the boom. Working out of level creates a dynamic side force which means a crane collapse may be imminent.
• The crane's hoist line is not vertical at all times during operation. This indicates improper operation. A hoist line which is not vertical obviously indicates that the load is not hanging straight down. Out of plumb loads can cause crane collapse by generating side forces on the boom. In some instances, the crane may tip over if the load swings.

OSHA Crane, Derrick and Hoist Safety Guidance

29 CFR 1910.179 (Overhead and Gantry Cranes, General Industry)

29 CFR 1910.180 (Crawler Locomotive and Truck Cranes, General Industry)

See Longshoring Standards;
1918.51, 1918.55, 1918.62, 1918.66, 1918.81, 1918.85, 1918.98

Training Roster

Training Acknowledgement