Scaffolding is a temporary, field erected structure used for working aloft. This is one of the most important parts of the production process. It also has the potential to be one of the most dangerous. Because it is a temporary structure, it is subject to abuses like improper assembly and unauthorized changes. A fall from 5 ft. has the potential to cause serious and potentially fatal injuries. The following is a partial listing of the shipyard industry scaffolding/staging requirements. Please refer to 29 CFR 1915.71 for additional requirements that may apply to the specific type of scaffolding used by your company.

Planking: 2x10 lumber should be used. It should be straight grained and free from knots and splits. It can be clear or treated. The platform staging shall project beyond the supporting members on either side by 6 inches.

Top and Mid Rails: Scaffolding at or above 5 ft. in height or over water, at any height, shall have a top and mid-rail in place. The top rail shall be 42-45 inches above the plank surface and the mid-rail should be located half way in between the plank and the top rail. The material used for the top and mid-rail can be 2x4 lumber, flat bar or pipe. Synthetic or wire rope can be used if kept taut utilizing rigid supports. When exposed to chemicals or hot work, fiber or rope top and midrails shall not be used.

Width: If the width between supports is greater than 8 ft., rails shall be equivalent in strength to 2x4 lumber.
Toe Boards: When working from scaffolding, toe boards, with a height of 4 inches, shall be used on the outer scaffold edge. This is to prevent tools, etc. from falling over the side and onto someone's head. These toe boards are only required if workers are underneath the scaffolding.

Access: Access to scaffolding over 5 ft. in height above the floor, deck or ground shall consist of well secured stairways, cleated ramps, fixed or portable ladders meeting the applicable requirements of 1915.72 or rigid non-collapsible trestles with parallel and level rungs. Ramps and stairways shall be provided with 36 inch handrails with midrails.
Ladders or other means shall be located so that it is not necessary for employees to step more that one foot from the ladder to any intermediate landing or platform. When using a ladder to access staging, make sure it is tied off at least at the top.

SCAFFOLD INSPECTIONS

Scaffolding is a temporary, field erected structure used for working aloft. Because it is temporary and field erected, it is subject to wear and abuse, improper assembly, and unauthorized changes. Construction standards require that a "competent person" inspect scaffolds for defects before every work shift. Yet, in all industries, every employee who works on or around scaffolding should be aware of safety requirements. The following list includes things to watch for:

• Scaffolding must be erected on firm footing capable of carrying the maximum intended load. Boxes, barrels, loose concrete blocks or brick must not be used to support the structure.

• Consideration must be given to the weight the scaffold is to carry. It must be capable of supporting, without failure, four times the maximum intended load. The load includes not only the weight of the people on the scaffold but also any supplies and equipment being used.

• Scaffolding is naturally unstable because it is usually a tall structure with a narrow base. To counteract this, the scaffold must be braced or tied off to a stable structure such as a ship's hull or building wall.

• The planking used must be "scaffold grade." The wood must be clear, free of loose knots, splits, or other defects. To create a proper work surface, generally 2 planks need to be laid side by side to create a 20" wide work platform. At the ends, the planking must overlap at least 6" but no more than 18" (limited to 12" for shipyards and construction) unless the planks are fastened to the supporting members.

• Toe boards at least 4" high (3 ½" for construction) should be installed along the outer scaffold edge, to prevent tools or materials from falling onto workers below.

• Guard rail requirements for supported scaffolds vary for different industries. The federal OSHA standard for construction and general industry requires guardrails when a platform is 10 feet or higher. In shipyards, they must be installed if the work platform is 5 feet or more above a solid surface, or at any distance above water. Some State codes may set the height at 6 feet. You must know the rule for your state or jurisdiction.

• Guard rails are usually made of 2x4 lumber or steel pipe. The top rail should be about 42" above the scaffold walking surface, with a "mid-rail" at about 21 inches. Fiber or wire rope can be used if it is attached to rigid supports and kept taut. However, a variance may be needed to do so in some jurisdictions. It should be noted that the railings must be of adequate strength to restrain someone who has started to fall.

• Railings can be omitted if a structure, such as a ship's hull prevents their use. However, in these circumstances, you must wear a safety harness and life line if you working more than 5 feet above a solid surface. If over water, you must wear an approved buoyant work vest.
Finally, never make any changes to scaffolding yourself. Only designated "Competent Persons" should make modifications.

References:

> 1915 Subpart E: Scaffolds, Ladders and Other Working Surfaces.
> 1915.71 - Scaffolds or staging.
> 1915.72 - Ladders.
> 1915.73 - Guarding of deck openings and edges.
> 1915.74 - Access to vessels.
> 1915.75 - Access to and guarding of dry docks and marine railways.
> 1915.76 - Access to cargo spaces and confined spaces.
> 1915.77 - Working surfaces.

OSHA Scaffolding e-Tool

Shipyard Employment e-Tool